How Do Synapses Work?

 

“The synapse is essential for life,” said MendellRimer, PhD, an associate professor in the Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics at the Texas A&M College of Medicine. He studies a specific synapse called the neuromuscular junction, which—as the name implies—connects a motor neuron with a skeletal muscle fiber. Here, he explains how synapses work and what we do—and don’t—know about these crucial connections.

Synapses are part of the circuit that connects sensory organs, like those that detect pain or touch, in the peripheral nervous system to the brain. Synapses connect neurons in the brain to neurons in the rest of the body and from those neurons to the muscles. This is how the intention to move our arm, for example, translates into the muscles of the arm actually moving. Synapses are also important within the brain, and play a vital role in the process of memory formation, for example.

“Transmission of information within the nervous system operates in circuits, which can take up information, like the fact that a ball is coming toward us, or create an output, like bringing the arm up to catch the ball,” Rimer said. “Each of these circuits has a number of synapses that connect the neurons that carry the sensory information to the brain about the approaching ball and the neurons that execute the motor commands from the brain to move the arm.”

At the same time, all of these transmissions need to happen very quickly, in milliseconds, so it seems to all happen simultaneously—and we aren’t hit in the face with the ball.

There are two different types of synapses, the electrical and the chemical, and they work very differently. The simpler type is the electrical synapse, in which there are essentially no gaps between the cells. Instead, ions travel through what are called gap junctions and transfer an electrical charge to the next neuron.

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